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An efficient public service system is important for construction of Harmonious Society. Library faced new challenges, which includes outside and inside, As one important part of public cultural system, in the period of society reforming, with the new background of politics, economics and society. The outside mostly indicates environmental challenges, while the inside mostly indicates management challenges, which make the library service of nowadays different from the traditional services.The dissertation would analyze the relation of the responsibility of government, marketplace and public institution, based on the case of National Library of China(NLC).After that, we take several important issues based on the analysis of the function of national library and the function of government public service: the problem of equality, also be called the problem of“balance in resource assignment”; the problem of“characteristics of public goods”, also be called“Fee or Free”; the problem of fundamental public service.Our conclusion is that the focus of government’s public service should be placed on basic public services, and beyond the basic public services, it can be obtained through the cultural market.Normally library service is the quasi public goods, but for the subdivide services, they can be divided to: public goods, quasi-public goods, commons, patent goods, club goods, or private goods, according to their competitiveness and exclusiveness.For mostly library service is public goods, government must live up to its responsibilities, but those who have the responsibility does not always be the providers, we can take“service outsourcing”and“market-oriented public service”into library service.At last, by the learning of the major National Library in the world, we take out our countermeasures and suggestions: NLC should be the center node of the national information resource system, first , NLC should select the“document supply”and the“resource portal”as the core service. NLC should participate in world-wide cooperation and resource sharing, to be a library with modernization and internationalization.
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