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Study on the Influence of Commonly Used Chemical Flame Retardants on Ignitability of Polypropylene and High Impact Polystyrene

Author: GuanXiLong
Tutor: ZhangJun
School: Qingdao University of Science and Technology
Course: Polymer Chemistry and Physics
Keywords: ignition characteristic cone calorimeter chemical flame retardant polypropylene high impact polystyrene
CLC: TQ320.1
Type: Master's thesis
Year: 2009
Downloads: 89
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Abstract


In this thesis, polypropylene (PP) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) were used as basic resin respectively, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), pentabromotoluene (PB) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were used as additives. The cone calorimeter(CONE),high-speed digital camera , themogravimetric analysis(TGA) and scanning electron microscope(SEM) were used to study the influence of chemical flame retardants on ignition characteristics of the polymers. The main mechanisms of chemical flame retardants effecting polymer ignition were discussed.In this study, high speed digital camera was used to record the transient surface ignition behavior of the samples. Under the burning condition of cone calorimeter, it appears that on the surface of sample the ignition process experienced three stages: ignition point formation, surface flame spread and ignition completion. The addition of flame retardants prolonged the time from starting ignition point to completion of sustaining ignition on the sample surface.Themogravimetric analysis(TGA) was used to study the thermal decomposition of polymers and flame retardants used, the results demonstrated that their decomposition temperature effected the ignition time obviously. The thermal stability of the chemical flame retardants used were much lower than that of HIPS, so they have less effect on restraining the ignition time of HIPS, but more effective for PP. APP had less mass loss at first stage decomposition at lower temperature, the characteristics of APP are somewhat similar to the inert fillers. The cone calorimeter study demonstrated that the ignition time of PP was shorten in the cases of using APP and MA, but delayed with brominated flame retardants (TBBA, PB, DBDPE). The results indicated that the ignition time of HIPS was reduced by all chemical flame retardants used in this study. The mass loss rate(MLR) was tested by the cone calorimeter to indicate mass flux. The mass loss rate curves demonstrated that the chemical flame retardants increased the MLR of PP and HIPS. This is due to the thermal decomposition of chemical flame retardants. However, it appears that APP accelerated the thermal decomposition of polymers. Both digital camera photographs and SEM micrographs of the structure for the sample surface were obtained. It showed that the morphology of the surface of sample with different flame retardants were different, particularly crystallization melting of PP surface being affected considerably.Based on the study of ignition behavior, mass loss rate and ignition time, the possible mechanism that chemical flame retardants effected polymer ignition was discussed. It was recognised that the influence factors that for different chemical flame retardants acted on polymer ignition were complicated. The main factors included: gas phase inhibition, thermal decomposition temperature difference, surface melting, disturbance of surface integrity and heat conductivity process.

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