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A Study of Missionary Trade between Chin and Koryo

Author: LvShiPing
Tutor: ZhaoYongChun
School: Jilin University
Course: Specialized History
Keywords: chin-koryo relation missionary trade tribute- bestow sidi
CLC: K246.4
Type: Master's thesis
Year: 2009
Downloads: 73
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Abstract


Starting from the group of“missionaries”, this paper discusses about one of the communication forms between Chin and Koryo: chin-koryo missionary trade.Before Chin was founded, there had been close connection and communications between Nvzhen and Koryo. At that time,Nvzhen scattered between Changbaishan mountain and Heilongjiang River, Korea had founded a united feudal kingdom in the year 918. The economy , politics and culture, etc, of the former was lagged much behind those of the latter. In order to get the articles from Koryo, many Nvzhen tribes attached to Korea: some paid tributes, others became the autonomous prefectures.At the middle and late Liao, the Wanyan Tribe settled near Anchuhu River rose gradually, and during its unification, it had conflict with Koryo, who had the policy of enrolling Nvzhen people. At last, the two fight with each other around the matter of Helandian Nvzhen. The ally of Nvzhen beat Koryo kingdom and speeded the step of the unification of the Nvzhen society. In 1115, Aguda, the head of Wanyan tribe claimed to be the emperor, and established Jin. Later on, he declared a series of wars to Liao, and at last, he vanished Liao in 1125 and became a powerful country in north east Asia. During this process, the diplomatic situation of Jin to Korea became stronger and stronger. Thus, in 1129, Korea began to present oath table to Chin, and the tributary relationship between the two established formally, which marked the final establishment of the missionary trade between Chin and Koryo.After the establishment of the missionary trade between Chin and Koryo, the two established the regular dispatching system of the missionaries. They could be divided into two types: regular missionary and ordinary missionary. The former from Chin to Koryo included: birthday, rewarding, title-conferring, mourning, sacrificing, condoling, appointing missionaries; the latter included: announcing, inquiring, celebrating missionaries. Whereas from Koryo to Chin, regular ones were new-year-congratulating, birthday-congratulating, tribute-presenting, thanking, ascend congratulating, mourning, respecting name congratulating, sacrificing missionaries; the ordinary ones were title-conferring asking, obeying and thanking missionaries. Just thanks to these missionaries, the missionary trade between Chin and Koryo began to expand.The types of the missionary trade between Chin and Koryo can be divided into 4 types: tribute- bestow trade, sidi, free trade and smuggling trade. The tribute- bestow trade had 2 aspects: the tribute from Koryo to Jin and the title-conferring and rewarding from Chin to Koryo. These two were both carried out by the missionaries of the two states and at the same time a trade representing the respective state. Thus, tribute- bestow trade belongs to the category of the missionary trade between Chin and Koryo. The concerning missionaries mainly included: rewarding missionary of Chin and tribute-presenting and rewarding thanking missionary of Koryo. The attitudes of the two states were different: Jin wanted to maintain its status of suzerain state and keep and strengthen suzerain-vassal relationship; Korea paid more attention to the benefit from the tribute- bestow trade.“Sidi”is a type of trade, which refers to the visiting missionary gave the present to the king or officials of the other state in his own name, and got a certain amount of bestow. The“sidi trade”between Chin and Koryo can be divided into two parts: the sidi of officials and the sidi of king. The articles of the sidi trade were dealt with by the missionary themselves, and the bestow on mission would be dealt with by the missionary by themselves. But, the Jin missionary to Koryo should pay the freight when they came back.The“free trade”between Chin and Koryo missionary refers to the personal acts of doing some kind of trade done by the missionary when they were in the visiting state. It generally has three situations: during the trip, in the missionary mansion and on the market.Smuggling trade is a special type of trade between Chin and Koryo missionary, it was often done in the name of“sidi”or“free trade”. The articles were generally profitable valuables, which determined that the smuggling can not be prohibit completely.These 4 types of trade were done by the missionary sent by Chin and Koryo every year. During this process, the rule of“big gift every three years”was established, and it had a very large scale. But the management on this was not strict and the administration were scattered, thus, there appeared some malpractice. But, as one of the most important communicating platform, the contribution of the missionary trade is undoubted, and its positive significance is the most important.

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CLC: > History, geography > History of China > Feudal society ( 475 BC - AD 1840 ) > Sui and Tang period ( 581 ~ 1840 ) > Liao, Jin ( 916 1234 ) > Gold ( Jurchen ) ( 1115 to 1234 )
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