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Preparation of Sn Hollow Nanostructured Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries by Galvanic Replacement

Author: HouHongShuai
Tutor: XuZuoHua
School: Tianjin University
Course: Materials Science
Keywords: Lithium-ion battery Anode Galvanic replacement Sn hollownanoparticles Sn nanotubes
CLC: TM912
Type: Master's thesis
Year: 2012
Downloads: 1
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Abstract


The fast-growing market for portable electronic devices and the development of hybrid electric vehicles require the lithium-ion batteries with high capacity and long life. However, the theoretical capacity of commercial graphite anode is only372mAhg-1, it can no longer meet the requirements of the novel lithium-ion batteries. Metallic tin material as an anode for lithium-ion batteries has been widely investigated owing to its high theoretical capacity of about990mAhg-1as Li4.4Sn, a value that is nearly2.6-fold higher than that of graphite. However, the alloying reaction is accompanied by a severe volume variation, which produces high mechanical stresses. The electrode cannot accommodate large internal stress stemming from such volume changes, which causes the active materials pulverize and delaminate from copper foil. Consequentially, the performance of electrode degrades rapidly after a few charge/discharge cycles.Because of their well-defined interior voids, low density, large surface area and surface permeability, the hollow nano structured materials have wide applications in a number of areas including lithium-ion batteries. Besides their large surface area and short effective diffusion distance for Li+, the cavities in hollow structured electrodes for lithium-ion batteries may provide extra space for the storage of Li, beneficial for enhancing specific capacity. Furthermore, the void space in hollow structures buffers against the local volume change during Li insertion/desertion and is able to alleviate pulverization and aggregation of the electrode materials, hence improving cycling performance.In this paper, we designed and prepared zero-dimensional hollow nanoparticles and three-dimensional nanotube arrays, and studied the influence of these hollow nanostructures on the cycle performance.Ni nanoparticles (Ni NPs) were prepared by chemical reduction reaction, and Ni NPs were used as templates in the preparation of Sn hollow nanoparticles (Sn HNPs) which were used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries by galvanic replacement reaction. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to measure the morphology, structure and composition and confirm the formation of hollow structures. The results of cell tests indicated that Sn HNPs showed good cycle performance with the capacity of406.6mAhg-1after50cycles, and the capacity of solid Sn nanoparticles (Sn NPs) was only 63.1mAhg-1. The hollow structure relieved the volume expansion and markedly improved the cycle performance of Sn anode.Ni nanowires (Ni NWs) were prepared by electrodeposition, and Ni NWs were used as templates in the preparation of Sn nanotubes (Sn NTs) which were used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries by galvanic replacement reaction. SEM, TEM and XRD were used to measure the morphology, structure and composition and confirm the formation of hollow structures. The results of cell tests indicated that Sn NTs showed better cycle performance with the capacity of402.5mAhg-1after100cycles, much higher than that of Sn nanowires (98.7mAhg-1). The three-dimensional and hollow structure markedly improved the cycle performance of Sn anode.

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CLC: > Industrial Technology > Electrotechnical > Independent power supply technology (direct power) > Battery
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