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The Empirical Analysis of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in China

Author: XiangJingJing
Tutor: XuYongAn
School: Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
Course: International Trade
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment Pollution -intensive industries Environmental Control Pollution haven hypothesis
CLC: X321
Type: Master's thesis
Year: 2010
Downloads: 146
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Abstract

Since the 1970s, the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection more and more attention. The concept of sustainable development is catching on. For China since the reform and opening up, foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an integral part of China's economic development, years of research have reached a consensus, \enhance many positive impact. But in recent years, China's environment has also experienced a deterioration process, many researchers began to explore the relationship between foreign direct investment and our environment, a controversial topic is whether China has become the foreign direct investment \. \\The basic idea is: a country's position in international trade and the international division of labor is determined by its factor endowments have a country should export and production of the products of its factor endowments. Environmental factors, we can believe that the strength of a country's environmental regulation decided the abundance the extent of the environmental elements of the country, if a country is more stringent environmental controls, lack environmental elements of this country, and if a country's environmental regulation is relatively loose environmental elements of the country is relatively rich. Some industries are relatively high sensitivity to environmental control, we call it pollution-intensive industries, based profit maximization, cost minimization, and the free flow of capital in the international premise that if the cost of the environmental control increase had a great impact on enterprises, production enterprises engaged in these industries will be production to countries with more stringent environmental controls transferred to countries with looser environmental regulation. Generally, in reality, the awareness of environmental protection in developed countries strong, belonging to countries with relatively scarce environmental resources, while developing countries for economic development, tend to adopt a rather lax environmental controls, and in attracting foreign investment may also appear voluntarily reduce environmental controls for the introduction of a large number of foreign practice, a large number of pollution-intensive industries have shifted to developing countries, and ultimately to enable developing countries to become a \Based on the analysis of the status of China's foreign direct investment and environmental regulation, the results by modeling data in recent years, in an attempt to verify of the existence of the phenomenon of the \This article - divided into four parts. The first part is the introduction part, first by the introduction of the background leads to the meaning of the writing of this article describes the arrangement of the chapters of this article, and finally define two important terms, foreign direct investment and pollution-intensive industries. The second part of the Chapter II Theory and Literature Review part. This chapter begins with the theoretical basis of the \, so that enterprises can not achieve the goal of profit maximization and cost minimization. Then simple comb introduction of foreign direct investment theory, first from the microscopic point of view, the main Alzheimer's monopoly advantage theory, internalization theory, Vernon's product life cycle theory, location theory and Dunning's international production eclectic theory, these theories are analyzed from the perspective of the enterprise, an enterprise Why to invest overseas, as well as the factors affect the choice of investment location. Second, from a macro point of view, mainly marginal industrial transfer theory and the gradient transfer hypothesis. Two theories from different angles of the differential with the level of economic development of the national industry, starting to explain the reasons for foreign direct investment. In general, these theories are not mentioned environmental factors impact on foreign direct investment in them only from the point of view of pure economic interests to consider foreign direct investment for both investment benefits are actually polluting industries transfer provides a theoretical basis. Next on the literature review combing Overall, for the study of the problem, the empirical analysis of far more than theoretical analysis, especially in the country, and empirical results there is a great controversy, and Some scholars out the opposite conclusions. This paper argues that existing research mainly focuses on modeling the empirical analysis, and not unified in a system framework to study. The third part is the empirical part of this article, was divided into three, four, five three chapters. The third chapter analyzes the distribution of foreign direct investment in China, the distribution of foreign investment in pollution-intensive industries, as well as in recent years, changes in distribution in China. Found by analysis on the scale of foreign investment in pollution-intensive industries, the polluting enterprises in the foreign-funded industrial enterprises accounted for 1/3 scale analysis showed that the frequency distribution in China of foreign pollution-intensive industries, foreign investment in pollution-intensive industries industrial structure in the distribution of China's industrial structure is better than China's own situation, that the distribution of foreign industrial enterprises cleaner than the distribution of China's industrial structure. Changes in recent years from the point of view, in addition to improved the frequency distribution of the extractive industries, oil processing and coking industry, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry, the distribution of other industries also become more and more clean. Overall, the distribution from the industry point of view, the industry distribution of foreign investment overall than the Chinese industrial industry distribution to be cleaned, changes in recent years from the point of view of foreign investment in China's overall industrial structure has been optimized, however, foreign investment in China's pollution the proportion of the industry has gradually increased, although the proportion is still lower than average proportion of foreign investment in industrial output. Specific industry, regardless of industry distribution frequency or polluting industries than polluting industries in China show that the trend of the past 10 years, petroleum processing and coking industry and the ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry has transferred to China, the transfer of the rest of the industry The trend is not obvious. Chapter IV examines the environmental control situation in China, said China's Environmental Protection situation from another angle. The first describes the course of the development of the Environmental Protection few recent years, China's environmental protection performance data analysis, final calculation of China's environmental protection strength indicators. Concluded that China's industrial pollution and rapid economic growth deteriorated sharply, but remains at a relatively stable state, at the same time, China's environmental protection increasingly severe intensity, and in order to attract more foreign investment voluntarily reduce the environmental protection policies. Two chapters of the status quo analysis shows that pollution-intensive industries in foreign countries and not a large area to transfer to China, on the contrary, the foreign distribution of industrial structure cleaner than China's own distribution. China's environmental regulation tends to be more and more severe, there does not exist to voluntarily reduce the environmental control practices in order to attract more foreign direct investment, therefore preliminary determination that China has not become a \Chapter according to the theory of foreign direct investment in the regional advantages theory, select a location advantage factors and FDI equations to verify whether the environment control occupies an important position in the FDI location choice. The results show that, compared with other traditional labor costs, market size, and other factors, the impact of environmental regulation on FDI small. Can explain China's environmental controls has little effect on foreign direct investment and foreign investors to invest in China not because of China's lax environmental controls relative to developed countries, and not as a pollution-intensive industries to transfer pollution shelter. \This paper argues that the cost due to profit differences, the impact on the competitiveness of enterprises is one of the reasons that lead to the transfer of polluting industries, but this study show that the improvement of the business costs caused by environmental cost little impact on the inflow of foreign capital, the impact of FDI inflows determinants of market size, wage levels, opening up to the outside world and other factors, considering these factors, if the the transfer industry would bring a higher expected profit enterprises will migrate motives. The industrial transfer only consider the environmental cost factors generally does not occur. Take a combination of theoretical and empirical analysis. In the framework of theoretical analysis, analysis of the status quo. The analysis of the status quo of the chart, as well as index calculation method, draw the corresponding results is through the establishment of the econometric model, the final regression analysis of the relationship between environmental regulation and FDI. The main innovation of this paper: (1) the transfer of industry relations for the pollution in environmental regulation and FDI from both theoretical and empirical study of the system, polluting industries in China's industry distribution of FDI from different angles to do a very detailed data analysis, this particular point with domestic research issues with a simple data on the industry distribution of polluting industries concluded. (2) data calculated the corresponding environmental control strength index, using actual data to illustrate the situation of environmental protection in China. (3) empirical data in reference to 2007, which is a relatively new data. The deficiency of this article: (1) The choice of model variables without taking into account the differences of the central and western regions, and with the unity of the independent variables, which may mask the Midwest apparent because of the different characteristics of different. (2) shorter time span of the model data in this article can not come to a long-term, stable and the results of the correlation. (3) In this paper, the region cross-sectional data could not explain the change in the time trend.

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