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The palm is Pantropic Branch, Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) is one of the few can be distributed to the temperate plants, distributed throughout the provinces south of the Yangtze River in China. Through access to the palm specimens and literature, combined with field investigation and observation of the three provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan palm, analysis of the distribution and population characteristics of the palm. Palm populations within a small number of individuals, very few saplings and seedlings, age structure showing declining. The distribution of the plant of the genus of palm analyzed. From dry palm leaves or fresh leaves using the CTAB method exploration and extraction of palm genomic DNA, to identify the best extraction conditions and dosages. On this basis, the palm ISSR-PCR for amplification of the the ISSR reaction Factor (template DNA concentration, Mg 2 Dosage, dNTP concentration, annealing temperature, and the number of thermal cycles and different manufacturers discuss drugs with the instrument) set the gradient to determine the optimal reaction conditions of the study, the best response of Palm ISSR reaction system, laid the foundation for the study of the palm population genetic diversity. Groping best ISSR reaction conditions used in Palm amplification of 13 populations of 200 samples. Screened from 100 ISSR primers amplified clear and reproducible with primers 12, results produced a total of 107 bands, of which 102 were polymorphic, amplified by the size of the stripe in the 300-1900 bp polymorphism percentage of 95.33%, the single-state rate of 4.67%, the average of each primer amplified 8.9 band. The Palm of genetic diversity and differentiation of coefficient by POPGENE software available. The palm species level of genetic diversity (H T ) to 0.3234, and the population genetic diversity (H S ) is 0.1982. Palm (G ST ) value is 0.3827, or 38.27% of the variation among populations, 61.73% of the variation exists within populations palm genetic variation exists within populations. Nei's genetic diversity index h 0.3218, Shannon's information index I .4843. Calculated without weighted based on Nei genetic distance Palm populations dendrogram obtained by UPGMA method. The the palm populations genetic distance between 0.06 and 0.27, the smallest genetic distance of 0.06, of Guangxi sand town populations GHS6 and the Guangxi Huaping Nature Reserve the populations GHP7 between; followed of Yunnan the text Shanju group DWS1 and DWS2, DWS2 and DWS3, Yunnan Yuxi populations DYX4
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