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After the Opium War in 1840, Anhui entered the modern society. As an important part of agricultural crop, there were many new factor in international and domestic economic environment background which has major changed. This paper discussed the following four parts as the planting structure change process of the modern Anhui agricultural, motivation and the interaciton relationship with Anhui economic and social development.Yangtze River, Huaihe River across Anhui Province,it is divided into three natural areas as northern Anhui plains, hilly and mountainous area of South JAC. Warm and humid climate, fertile soil, natural and geographical environment, suitable for agricultural crops. Anhui has a long history of agricultural development, so crop production and irrigation in the Ming and Qing period reached a considerable level. On the eve of modern cultivation in Anhui, traditional crops including rice, wheat, cotton, tea, beans, mulberry, etc. the whole agricultural show characteristic of food crops dominates and economic crops begin to develop.Modern Anhui food crops and economic crops changes have different features, Food crops are mainly rice and wheat, the former is the most important exported agricultural products in Qing dynasty of Anhui province, which occupy the first place in both acreage and yield. The latter commercialization has fast development, and the Development and promotion of new varieties has remarkable achievements. Cotton, tea, tobacco and other cash crops has developed rapidly. people driven by economic interests, willing to accept the planting of new varieties, and take the initiative to expand the planting area, because the higher market value of such products, which caused food crops replaced by economic crops.Changes in the structure of farming is the result of many factors, including natural geographical environment, social economic structure, the production technology condition and farmers traditional habits, etc. and there another important factor for promoting changes in planting structure of modern Anhui agricultural as driving the commercialization of agriculture, the development of modern transportation and modern handicraft, industrial demand for agricultural raw materials.Planting in agricultural production departments has the foundational status. rural agricultural planting structure of the modern Anhui has closely reltaionship with many factors, including sericulture industry in rural areas, grain and oil processing industry, rural financial, farmers diet and income. Crop scale and regional planting promote inter-regional development of agricultural commodities. Boom market trade form the specialty markets of the three rural areas and concentrated in urban areas inlcuding grain and oil of jianghuai region in modern Anhui, tea trade of west Anhui and tobacco trade of the northern areas.
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