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Today,enterprise seems to be our familiar economies, many kinds of enterprise’s forms has emerged,such as small businesses, large enterprises, transnational corporations, enterprise groups and the partnership, limited liability, joint-stock company system also generated or be designed continuously. But we still haven’t unanimous conclusion about how did the enterprise generate and evolve.Especially for the ancient Chinese enterprises or enterprise’s sproutthere are little convincing research for the process that the enterprise generated gradually and its tortuous development in the Chinese historical context.From the theoretical circle of view,the theory of the firm is a very important cross-cutting areas in the economics and management research As a study of theory of the firm starting point, the origin of the problem even attract more scholars continue to explore. Among them, in 1937, entitled "Nature of the Firm," the paper of Coase is a symbol, more inspired scholars research for the origin of the enterprise. the new institutional economics is represented by Coase, the transaction cost is their research’s main line,they saying that"firm is alternation of the price mechanism","a contract alternate to another contract" .emphasize on market transaction. But they only explained the "why did the firm or enterprise emerge",which’s a logic problem, and they has not clearly describe ow did the enterprise generate and evolve in the historical process. In addition, from the perspective of philosophy of science, the transaction cost theory in the ontology and epistemology on the simplicity of the view of the world, adhere to the reductionism and linear thought, use the static concept to explain dynamic research object,so they have got many criticism.In view of this, some scholars began to revisted Adam Smith’s the theory division of labor and Marx’s historical materialism forces determine the relations of production proceed to explain the origin of enterprise. In addition, the evolutionary economics attempt to break the paradigm of analysis of the "mainstream economics" ,and they also have themselves theory of firm.they based on the perspective of entrepreneurial capacity, the introduction of learning, convention, such as Darwin’s natural selection, the idea of biological evolution to discuss growing up of the enterprise.Overview of academic research,they have been either theoretical analysis of deductive logic, but the lack of attention to the historical process;or havehistorical significance, it can not as a general rule to apply to the context of China. Specifically,for two points,the past theory can not explain very well the context of Chinese history and how did the enterprise generate: Firstly,they are not from the historical perspective to study this dynamic process ; secondly,their research don’t take care of Chinese special situations embedded in the enterprise’s generative process. Based on this, this paper attempts to combine logical deduction with induction method of history, relying on ancient Chinese traditional culture and values as a background to explain the context of Chinese history and how did the enterprise generate and evolve.Thesis research’s method is based on institutional game analysis and historical analysis , they support each other. Further, we view the process of enterprise’s generation as the process of the formation of institution, and think the equlibrium of game is institution. And the employment contract of handicraft, the agreement between owners and rulers, the commitment between merchants and the rulers and the rise of Chinese merchant with their social status change, which the equlibrium of the interrelated people’s selection in the context of ancient Chinese society, namely the formation of institution can be the good explanation about the generation and evolution of enterprise in the Chinese historical backgroud while in the institutional game analysis, at the same time, we supposed historical evidence to confirm or falsify he model, and thus lead to my problem that the historical facts aren’t in full accordance with the path of evolution model, and eventually evolved into the modern corporate form of spontaneous. So we think merchants seek into the way of protecting property rights relatively effective when they have no property rights, and science and technology developed slowly result in industrial workshops failed to break the reject of rural handicraft that can explain the exclusion was the relative effective and flexible of Chinese social system lock in the past social system, causing social change is difficult to advance, of course the form of micro enterprises is difficult to evolve.In addition, we must highlight the idea of writing and the theoretical foundation is from the institutional game analysis research and ideas, and we summary and related with Schotter, Sugden, Binmore, Young, Santa Fe school, Masahiko Aoki and Grief that the representative of institutional game analysis research can also be seen as a spot or the value of this paper.
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