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Mental lexicon (Mental Lexicon) is an important part of linguistics and cognitive sciences (artificial intelligence) research involving various lexical information (shape, sound and meaning) characterization and extraction in the brain. The study of the mental lexicon as the vocabulary of the second language learners learning provides an important foundation of psychology can help improve vocabulary teaching and learning efficiency. For comprehensive interpretation of the structure of the mental lexicon and extraction process, psycholinguistics researchers have proposed a variety of organizations and extraction model and semantic verification task, word association test to be validated. Previous domestic research, using the reverse way of thinking, Xi'an University of Technology, 128 students as subjects, trying to errors from the second language learners vocabulary writing samples, the organization of the mental lexicon and extraction model, Cognitive Analysis of the structure of the mental lexicon of second language learners. This paper mainly uses the form of writing text and interviews to study learners vocabulary writing error. The analysis showed that combination of quantitative and qualitative research, statistical results: learners the concept layer in the mental lexicon the headwords layer and lexeme layer vocabulary errors exist significant differences, while the the concept layer headwords layer, headwords layer and lexemes layer error shows the correlation. Learner's mental lexicon, including at different stages of vocabulary, uneven distribution error. The reasons for the error occurred, articles related factors affect lexical considerations, combined with the linguistic root causes of errors, summed drawn Frequency Effect, semantic complexity and language transfer is a key element affecting vocabulary acquisition. Therefore, from different levels of the mental lexicon Second Language Vocabulary Teaching targeted recommendations to promote the efficiency of second language learners learn. Error illustration, we clearly understand the structure of the mental lexicon: the conceptual layer, the headwords layer and lexeme layer, three-layer mesh and include different content. To some emphasis in different stages of development of the mental lexicon, vocabulary learning, strengthen vocabulary combination of direct and indirect learning, focusing on the relationship between context and lexical semantics, the establishment of the semantic network, memory and storage to promote vocabulary knowledge. Vocabulary teaching, teachers should increase the aspect polymerization semantic relations practice, the distinction between synonyms syntactic differences, strengthen the semantic network, to help students to improve the construction of the second language mental lexicon to improve the quality of the output of the second language.
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