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Hongshan Culture Jade study

Author: WangFeng
Tutor: MaSha
School: Central University for Nationalities
Course: Ethnology
Keywords: Hongshan Culture Jade ware Category Processing & Craftsmanship Cultural meaning
CLC: K876.8
Type: Master's thesis
Year: 2011
Downloads: 618
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Abstract


Jade-wares of Hongshan Culture is one of the most mysterious and valuable jade relics from neolithic age of Chinese jade history, which will facilitate us to comprehend the historical origins of China’s ancient Civilization better.This thesis try to study the jade-wares of Hongshan Culture focusing on five aspects, i.e, review on the archaeological excavations of Hongshan Jade-wares, materials and sources, categories and features of figuration, features of processing technique and craftsmanship, and cultural meanings of Hongshan Jade-wares.From early 1970s, Jade-wares of Hongshan Culture gradually becomes recognized ever since the finds of C-shaped dragon at Sanchin-ta-la village of Wengniute County of Chifeng regions. It takes more than 30 years from the archaeological typology research on the collected Hongshan Jade-wares, to preliminary archaeological reconnaissance and studies on few unearthed Hongshan Jade-wares, until finally confirmation by official archaeological excavations, which procedure is recognized to conforms to archaeological rules, at which period we can catch a glimpse of miraculous intelligence glittering from five thousand years ago through this barely flick in the eternal course of time.After comparison and analysis, the author draw up a conclusion that most of the Hongshan jade-wares are made of high-quality amphibole jades that comes from jade mineral ore at Xiuyan County. But this viewpoint yet to be proved by further discovery of archaeological evidence because no such ancient mining sites and relics have been found in Xiuyan jade vein. In addition, there are some jade specimens among discovered Hongshan jade-wares are from unidentified jade materials and sources of mineral ore. According to the viewpoint that Hongshan jade-wares use of materials from local available mineral ore, Hongshan jade-wares from Chifeng area may come from some undiscovered ancient jade mine located at Chifeng, while the materials and resources for jade-wares discovered from the north of Chifeng and Heilongjiang Province perhaps come from the amphibole jade ores located at Baikal area. But this viewpoint also need to be proved by further discovery and studies of archaeological evidence. Learning from the experience on studies of Liangzhu Culture jade-wares, based on the taxonomic system of typology, the author put forward a viewpoint that dilutes the taxonomic standard based on functions of the jade-ware and differentiates the Hongshan jade-ware in to three categories, i.e, imitation category, geometric figure category, and abstract figure category to highlight the objective features of figuration and structure. The jade-wares under imitation categories origin from the cognition of nature, daily life and production, which reflect the naive and natural world outlook of Hongshan ancestors. Originate from the abstract and distillation of natural phenomenon and cosmos, the jade-wares under geometric figure category and abstract figure category are the most important symbolized objects of Hongshan society, which are the physical demonstration of their ideologies and reflection of the primitive cosmology and religion of Hongshan ancestors.In conclusion, the features of structure and figuration of Hongshan jade-wares can be described with " radiating vigor" because of its vivid structure and figuration, and marvellous art performance.The Hongshan ancestors use various mature methods and tools to make jade wares. For example, cutting jade materials with cutting disks. Tiny sandstones are used as grinding tools to shape up jades. Drilling holes or scooping out holes with "Ting" (drills) and tube drills; Hollowing cavities on jade wares with thread-saws. Various size of plate-like tools, ie., so called "Tuo ", are used to make tile-like lines and sunken ground. Grinding jade wares by using wooden tools with tiny emery grits or abrasive sands. Different methods and tools, such as cattles skin and animal furs, are used to polish jade-wares.It should be highlighted that sandstones grits are generally used as grinding tools. Based on observation, author put forwards the viewpoint that the major features of processing technique of Hongshan jade-ware include the followings--polished surface, fall-in ground, blade-like edges of flat jade wares, engraved lines, cubic carving, "elephant-nose-like" holes,etc.As one of the cultural carrier, jade wares of Hongshan reflect the comprehensive factors of Hongshan age in terms of its society, economy and culture. From initial totems to primitive religious intermediary for sorcery ceremonies, it gradually developed to specialized protocols for sacrifice to Heaven and Earth, and ancestors worship as well. Jade wares of Hongshan Culture is one of the most important origins of China’s jade culture. Given abundant information from Hongshan jade wares, I realize that there are still many mysteries yet to be discovered and many puzzles to be answered by further archaeological excavations even after the studies on above-mentioned five aspects. Even so, it’s believed that the overture of Hongshan jade wares is leading to the magnificent 5000- years history of China’s civilization.

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CLC: > History, geography > Cultural Relics and Archaeology > China 's Cultural Relics and Archaeology > A variety of material objects > Jade
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