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Pinghua Han is an old and one of the typical southern Han groups with a population of 3-4 million. Pinghua Hans mainly live in Guangxi province. Their history might be more earlier than Hakka、Cantonese and Min dialect groups according to cultural anthropology. In order to know more accurately the origin, the migration and the mixture with the surrounding groups of Southern Pinghua Hans, 341 healthy Pinghua individuals (including 181 males) were recruited from the south part of Guangxi province including Nanning, Pingguo and Tiandong and their Y chromosome-SNP and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were typed with fluorescent STR scan, TaqMan probe, mini-sequencing and SNaPshot techniques. As a result, high frequencies of the Y chromosome haplogroup O1a2, O2a*, O* and O3*,which are the most frequent haplogroups in the southern aborigines, were found in the Sorthern Pinghua populations;on the mtDNA lineages, M7b1, F1a, M*, B4a, and N* were found more frequectly in Pinghua populations, exhibiting a pattern similar to the neighboring aboriginal groups, especially the Daic populations Clustering analyses (dendrograms, principal component analyses,AMOVA and networks) of the southern Pinghua populations, the other Han branches, and other ethnic groups in East Asia indicated that the northern Pinghua populations are much closer to the southern aborigines than to the other Han branches. Therefore, we argued that the sorthern Pinghua populations did not descend from Han Chinese, but from southern aborigines in China. Combining the published data of northern Pinghuas, we suggested that Pinghua Hans dot not descended from other Hans, but from the southern minorities genetically; Even in Pinghua Hans themselves, there is a marked difference between the northern and the southern; The Pinghua develops into a Han ethnic group who speak a mixed language (mainly from Daic and ancient northern Han Chinese) and take the customs of Hans in the long run.
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