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【Objective】 lateral ventricle posterior horn as the research object, the analog neural endoscopic surgery approach, aims to design a safe, ideal puncture path, reduce complications for nerve endoscopic surgery, extended indications provide anatomical basis. [Materials and Methods] 1. Subjects: 10% formaldehyde were provided by the Kunming Medical College, Department of Anatomy, conventional fixed adult brain specimens 15 cases (30 sides) stratified anatomical observations, male or female, left and right side randomly. Two experimental methods: in the corpse's head to simulate neural endoscopic surgery, positioning puncture. Peeling scalp, exposing the skull, to open 3cm lateral to the midline of the brain, respectively, on the external occipital carina 3cm, 4cm, 5cm, 6cm, 7cm, 8cm analog puncture point, in turn named Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 point . Drilled in the skull to expose the dura mater, and that the marking needle into. Along the external occipital carina, outer ear door and eyebrow connection sawing the skull, remove calvaria transtentorial cut off in the brain, remove the brain hemisphere is divided into two halves along the median plane, the removal of part of the hypothalamus, revealing lateral ventricle after corner. In the different anchor points each lateral triangle area, the central portion and the lower corner of the analog puncture. Puncture points to triangle puncture diameter line named the A-line, puncture point to the central part of puncture diameters named B line, the puncture point to the next corner puncture diameter line named C line. Anatomical parameters measured: starting from a different point of puncture observation of the puncture warp and dural vascular, superficial veins of the brain, the parietal-occipital sulcus artery from the sulcus artery, angular gyrus, the relationship of the optic radiation, and compare various diameters the thickness of the wear by the brain parenchyma, the angle formed by the diameter line as well as the front end of the puncture needle can reach position. Using SPSS11.5 software for statistical analysis of the experimental data, the measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD) said the two groups using a group t test, within-group comparisons using analysis of variance, count data using the chi-square test, P <0.05 were considered significant. [Results] 1. Puncture site with dural vascular relationship: all puncture point in the epidural none close to large blood vessels. 2. Observed after stripping dural puncture point and the relationship of the superficial veins of the brain: Z5 point is located on the brains behind anastomotic veins (4.54 ± 0.84) mm Z6 points behind anastomotic veins (5.98 ± 1.89) mm in the brain on the remaining points superficial veins of the brain no adjacent relationship. Puncture point in the positioning of the surface of the brain and the relationship between the angular gyrus: Z1 and Z2 dot pitch angle back far Z3 ~ Z6 angular gyrus (P <0.05) are in close proximity, especially angular gyrus Z3 dot pitch : (8.44 ± 5.29) mm. 4. The parietooccipital sulcus artery and from the sulcus artery is the two terminal branches of the posterior cerebral artery, traveling deep into the bottom of the sulci, respectively, deepest midsagittal distance: parietooccipital sulcus artery: (18.00 ± 2.01) mm from the sulcus artery: (24.02 ± 3.16) mm lateral ventricle via angle puncture, the proximity of the two arteries. 5.Z1, Z2 and Z3 puncture site into the lateral ventricle trigone while corresponding with visually radiation formation obliquity, mostly cross in its upper or central Z4, Z5 and Z6 not intersect with the optic radiation. Puncture diameter line. Puncture point to the Triangle area, the A-line as a baseline, when the puncture needle from the Triangle area transferred to the central part of the lower corners, must be into a certain angle with the A-line, Z5 and Z6 puncture AB line an angle greater (P <0.05), while the points Z1 and Z2 puncture, into the angle to the AC line is greater (P <0.05). From various puncture points level order puncture needle through the skin, superficial fascia subgaleal aponeurosis under loose connective tissue, skull adventitia, skull, meninges (dura, arachnoid and pia mater ) and the brain parenchyma. We measured from the skin to the thickness of the skull (22.24 ± 1.81) mm. When intracerebroventricularly reach through the brain parenchyma, the different puncture warp, different puncture point, the thickness of the segment is not the same, respectively to the triangular area by Z1 to Z6 point, puncture, the substantial thickness of the central portion of the lower corner of the brain, i.e., A B, C three lines, the difference was not statistically significant (P> 0.05), and third-line comparison B> C> A. 8 by the angle and the positional relationship of the puncture point in the observation intracerebroventricular, Z4, Z5 and Z6 more accessible for the rake angle of the lateral ventricle, and Z2, Z3 and Z4 point conducive to enter the lower corners of the lateral ventricle. [Conclusion]. Nerve endoscopic lateral ventricle after angle surgery approach most appropriate to deal with lesions of the lateral ventricle trigone. 2. Lateral ventricle horn neurons endoscopic surgical approach to body surface positioning: next to the brain midline 3cm, the carina of 6 ~~ 7cm above the external occipital. The puncture direction points to the ipsilateral eyebrow midpoint wear by brain parenchymal depth (45.10 ± 6.60) mm between the path less risk of concurrent neurological, vascular injury, not only direct access to the Triangle area of ??the lateral ventricle, but also intracerebroventricular central portion and lateral lower corner of the lesion, can handle conducive clinically in surgical procedures carried out on the other two parts of the profiler. 【Objective】 optical measurement method applied to the study of the biomechanics of internal fixation of femoral shaft fracture plate and the internal fixation nail and bit off point in the analysis, to provide the mechanical basis for for plate fixation optimization program. [Materials and Methods] 1. Subjects: the selection of Kunming Medical College, Department of Anatomy, 10% formaldehyde conventional fixed adult isolated femur specimens 6, male or female, left and right side of the random. Wire saw. Experimental model and grouping: specimens dissected remove all soft tissue, were used to measure the full length of the femoral shaft, set the mid-point position perpendicular to the backbone of the long axis of rampant truncated, manufacturing femoral shaft fracture model in the middle. The analog force differences, design experimental model for comparative analysis. Were designed into 10 states: a state of the analog fracture healing force (not sawing); b fracture compression plate rigid internal fixation group (amputated); c on the basis of the group b proximal to go a screw; d c group based on the remote to a screw; e on the basis of the d group proximal to a screw; f. screws go a in e group based on remote: g f group proximal to go a screw; g group based on the remote to a screw; i. proximal to a screw on the basis of the h group; j i group based on the remote to a screw. Groups experimental model in mechanical tester on the femoral head caught in the upper end of the femoral condyle folder at the lower end. Installed load, preload 50N first, in order to eliminate the effect of bone relaxation and creep time 0 ~ 500N axial load, load speed of 10 N / s, the computer automatically records the strain of the situation, re-use of digital speckle law displacement of the screw in the stress state and the average strain calculated and compared. SPSS11.5 software for statistical analysis of the experimental data, the measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD) said that the two groups using group t test, analysis of variance was used to compare the group, P <0.05 was considered statistically significance. Results (1) 10 screws in the displacement of a, b two states and the average strain showed a significant difference (P <0.05), b state is particularly significant (P <0.05). (2) in a state B, 10 screws, under the biasing force occurred the minute displacement and the average strain, and with the loading force increases. Which is located two screws across the fracture line, the displacement of the fifth and sixth rounds screws compared to other screws significantly (P <0.01), further pairwise comparisons screw with 10,2 and 9,3 and 8 4 and 7,5 and 6 difference not statistically significant (P> 0.05), I pairwise comparison the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). (3) 5,6 gold screw displacement and strain occur in state c to j with the change of state under the biasing force is gradually increased (P <0.01), wherein the G to the j state than other state significant (P <0.01). [Conclusion] with steel plate for internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures, should be selected more than 6 hole steel plate, to reduce screw fracture caused due to the loss of strength of the steel plate. Wherein the fracture line at both ends of two screw nail is to bear more stress of the parts, easy breakage, all screw the fixing should be as far as possible in a straight line, into a symmetrical distribution of the screws should be guaranteed wearing nail direction of the consistency, to avoid nail with nail between the generated torque, triggering the load imbalance caused by the fracture. In addition, patients with postoperative functional exercise callus formation. 2 digital speckle correlation method is an effective the light mechanical measurement of the surface deformation field audience measurement technology, image acquisition, image digitization, processing two images of the objects in the different the deformation status or different deformation moment resulting surface within displacement component and the in-plane displacement gradient. The application of this method to the study of biomedical experiments, can more accurately guide the experimental results, so as to promote the development of medical research, is a worthy research tool.
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