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Brown-eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) is a rare and endangered pheasants unique to China, currently only distributed in Shanxi Luliang Mountains and Hebei Xiaowutai and its surrounding areas. Due to habitat fragmentation and loss, a narrow range of population distribution, has been listed as a national key protected animals, IUCN, China Species Red List as the Vulnerable species, and loaded into CITES Appendix I. Using two different genetic patterns of molecular markers - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA D-loop) and nuclear DNA microsatellites (short tandem repeats, STRs), brown-eared pheasant conservation genetics. Expect the results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the development of the strategy of protection of rare and endangered pheasants. The main results are as follows: a wild population (n = 43) in the long 713bp mtDNA fragments were detected in 18 variable sites defined 14 haplotypes. Haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (pi) were 0.833,0.00378, compared with other pheasant species, genetic diversity is obviously at a low level. In three local populations, the populations of Xiaowutai two diversity index were the lowest, Luya Mountain the population and Pangquangou population diversity index is similar. The high sequence homology and lower mitochondrial DNA nucleotide diversity, prompt history brown-eared pheasant female effective population is relatively small. Captive population (n = 20) in the length of 713bp DNA fragment, only detected seven variable sites showed very low genetic diversity, haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (pi ) 0.611,0.00369. Three haplotypes defined according to the detected variable sites, three maternal showed that the captive population. However, the three haplotype gene frequency there is a significant difference, indicating that the population allele frequency was significantly skewed, three matrilineal genetic contribution to future generations there are significant differences. MtDNA control region sequence analysis showed that the populations of Xiaowutai in Luyashan population, Mount Pangquangou between populations has produced significant genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.13008 between Xiaowutai and Luya Mountain, p lt; 0.001 ; Hill the small Wutai Mountain and Pangquangou,, Fst = .40979, p lt; 0.001), prompted the populations Xiaowutai maternally inherited, with two populations has occurred isolation. Between Luya Mountain Pangquangou, mountain populations no significant genetic differentiation (Fst = -0.01003, p = 0.46847), indicating that there are a wide range of female gene flow between the two populations has historically been. Based on neighbor-joining (NJ) and parsimony (MP) constructed phylogenetic tree as well as the most simple network span diagram, support the brown-eared pheasant mitochondrial haplotype differentiate into Clade I and Clade II clade. But the populations on the mitochondrial haplotype has not yet formed a monophyletic group, independent of each other. 28 microsatellite primers of the cross-species amplification of brown-eared pheasant sample was 46.4%. This article screened 6 pairs of polymorphic microsatellite loci, the polymorphic information content (polymorphic information Content PIC) value of the minimum of 0.635, an average of 0.736, much larger than 0.5 the highly polymorphic critical value. Six microsatellite loci in the brown-eared pheasant wild population (n = 43), 44 alleles were detected. Which shared 39 allele-specific allele 5. The average number of alleles of each locus was 7.33, and the average effective number of alleles was 4.54, with an average expected heterozygosity was 0.773, genetic diversity at a high level. This is very different to the results of the detected mtDNA control region. The low genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA genetic diversity genetic patterns suggest that the history of the brown-eared pheasant female effective population is relatively small, the species may be an evolutionary relatively short history of the species. In captive population (n = 20), 28 alleles detected. The average number of alleles of each locus was 4.57, the average effective number of alleles was 2.76, the average heterozygosity was 0.39, lower than the wild population. The captive population average inbreeding coefficient of 17.3%, has shown a small population prevalence of genetic decay. 4 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), the small Mount Wutai populations Pangquangou of population between significant genetic differentiation, and with in Luyashan population genetic differentiation was not obvious. This result is slightly different to the results obtained with the mtDNA control region marked. The comprehensive mtDNA control region of nuclear microsatellite detection, brown-eared pheasant wild population genetic structure can be divided into two different groups: (1) of Hebei Xiaowutai population (2) Luya Mountain Pangquangou, belongs to the Shanxi Luliang population. Brown-eared pheasant is divided into two management units (MU): (1) the Hebei Xiaowutai unit; (2) Shanxi Luliangshan unit. Current captive population, due to the number of Kin Kwan founders too little, and reproduction lineage is unclear, the lack of scientific genetic management has shown small populations of common genetic problem. The captive population standing to maintain their genetic diversity, it is recommended to optimize update the kinship of the captive population, as soon as possible to establish pedigree, strengthen the management of genetic reproduction.
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